Fig. 3. Effect of Testosterone (TES) and 5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i during TNFα exposure in human ASM cells. Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in the presence/absence of TNFα in A) Non-asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) and B) Asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female). Effect of DHT on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in the presence/absence of TNFα in C) Non-asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) and D) Asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female). TNFα significantly increased [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in both non-asthmatic and asthmatic ASM cells (male and female) compared to vehicle, while TES and/or DHT treatment significantly downregulated the TNFα induced increase in [Ca²⁺]_i levels. ^###p<0.001 vs. vehicle, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs. TNFα. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3 patients each.